One of the most controversial figures of the Nineteenth century, John Brown was born in Torrington, Connecticut in 1800 but raised in Ohio, the third of six children. The Brown family held deep religious convictions and solid antislavery beliefs. The Brown children were raised with a strong Calvinist foundation and in an environment where slavery was considered unacceptable and unjust.
Although Brown had always opposed slavery, he was not committed to the cause until he attended an abolitionist meeting in Cleveland in 1837. Upon the conclusion of the meeting, Brown swore that he would dedicate his life to the abolition of slavery. Nonconformist and radical in his approach, Brown never joined an antislavery society, but demanded immediate emancipation for slaves, and was not averse to the use of violence.
From 1855 through 1858, Brown and his sons were involved in a series of raids in the Kansas Territory, including the Pottawatomie massacre of May 24-25, 1856 and the Battle of Osawatomie, after which Brown vowed, “I will die fighting for this cause. There will be no more peace in this land until slavery is done for.”
In October 1856, Brown returned to the East, where he soon began a speaking tour to raise money for his military company. By this time Brown had nearly finalized his plan to lead 25 men to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia and start a slave insurrection.
On October 16, 1859, John Brown led his men in the failed attack on Harpers Ferry. His force was overwhelmed and he was captured by a company of U. S. Marines under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant J. E. B. Stewart. On November 2, 1859, Brown was convicted of treason, murder and insurrection, and sentenced to death. He was hanged on December 2, 1859, convinced that he was “worth inconceivably more to hang than for any other purpose.”
Image Courtesy Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield; WICR 31310
